1) Magnetism Due To Electric Dipoles In Atomic Nuclei and Electrons
2) Gravity&Magnetism:
A Common Cause (Mass-Energy Conversion &
Electric Dipoles in Nuclei
& Electrons)
3) Zollner
and Blackett
4) Diamagnetism and
Ferromagnetism
5) Photons or Cumulative Instantanous Forces at a Distance
6) Quantum Theory
and Electric Dipoles Inside Atomic Nuclei
7) Radio Emission and Reception
8) Light Speed
Measurements (From Roemer and Bradley to GPSS and NASA)
9)
Relativity and Charge
Polarization Inside Atomic Nucleii
10)Bohr Orbits, Planck
Oscillators & Orbital Charge Inside Atomic Nuclei
11) CERN
Faster Than Light Neutrinos
Polarized and Oscillating Charge Inside Atomic
Nuclei
abcgamma@gmail.com
(1990-2011)
Polarized charge inside atomic nuclei
and inside electrons are shown to account for the magnetism of current carrying
wires and the magnetic
and gravitational fields of the Earth. This subnuclear
charge polarization mechanism to explain gravity and magnetism is extended to
the Moon, Sun and other stars and
galactic centers. The electric dipoles produced in each proton are
perpendicular to the
tangential force associated with the spin and orbital velocity of
the celestial body of which it is a part.
The tangential
increase in velocity of a miniscule circularly orbiting charged mass inside the
proton, electron, etc., produces an ellipse transverse to such forces and a
displacement of centers of negative and positive charge so the dipoles are radially and longitudinally oriented. The magnetic forces between current carrying
wires are shown to
imply the orbiting charged masses are about 10-56 kg.
The apparent mass increase of electrons etc., at speeds near the speed of light
is due to a decrease in elasticity of the dipole system and a decrease in the
rate of increase
in magnetic responsiveness near the
elastic limit. The lengths of the dipoles involved in any force between two
dipoles are proportional to the distance between the two dipoles involved. This
is because their force on one another causes an elliptical extension of the
orbital system in each nucleus or electron transverse to that produced by the original forces causing the initial
elliptical dipoles. A unique average
dipole can be associated with each proton but the net force on the dipole
results from the superposition of all pairwise
forces. The dipole length cannot exceed the distance between
immediately surrounding nuclei.
For
example, the force between a dipole in a proton on the Earth’s surface and all the N≈ 1051 protons+neutrons in
the Earth, or at least half of those
that are partly similarly oriented, concentrated at a point near the center, R
meters away, can be represented as the force between N dipoles, qeRs, and one dipole, qeRs, such
that this dipole -dipole force (9)(109)Nq2e2R2s2/R4 equals the Newtonian force,
GMm/R2. So, s2 = .37(10-42) and
s=6(10-21`), and Rs=3.82(10-15)meters. We assume q ≈ .918(103)based on
the proton electron mass ratio.
Another effect of gravity, the twisting of
planetary orbital planes and precession of their perihelion, that
increases with the proximity of the orbits to the Sun’s mass, is due to the
torque between the net longitudinal dipole of the Sun and the net radial dipole
of the planet etc...
Oscillations of charge inside electrons
and atomic nuclei are shown to account for the propagation delay of
electromagnetic radiation; that is, the time before a light signal or radio
signal becomes detectable at a radio antenna or a light detector, eg, the eye, a charge coupled device, a photodiode etc. The
effect is similar to the induction of an alternating current with an
exponential increase to a maximum implied by the strength of the source
and distance to the source. But the
mechanism of changing
longitudinal oscillations of charge inside
atomic nuclei that cause in turn changing transverse oscillations of
charge that cause changing longitudinal oscillations etc imply a formula
identical to Maxwell’s equation multiplied by an exponential transient,
(1-exp-ct/r)(E/r) That is the induced
oscillation of charge is in the same direction as that in the source of maximal
amplitude,E.
Such a mechanism could explain light speed measurements within a limited
range of intensity and distance.
Measurements over larger distances, would seem
to contradict this theory but such measurements are shown to be subject to
other valid interpretations.
For
example, GPS receivers are calibrated so that the received signals are weak
enough in the receiver
so that r/c delay times of about 66 milliseconds from the 50W
transmitters match the known Newtonian position distance calculations and small
changes in this delay then match otherwise measured changes in this distance. 8kW transmitters but much more sensitive
receivers pick up similarly weak transmission from more distant spacecraft.
Calibrations can be continually made so that the r/c delay used to determine
the speed of the craft from the change in frequency received is consistent with
previous calibrations and speed estimates.
Similarly radar or lidar
reflections after 2.5 seconds from the moon or radar reflections after 283 to
449 seconds from Venus. In the
case of the moon, the radio communication delay from the moon
should be 1.25 seconds if there were no electronic and needed redundancy delay.
The redundancy delay is equal to or greater than the light speed delay here and
in transmissions between
Earth and more distant space craft. In the case of both the Moon and Venus, each
radar pulse transmission occurs and then the transmitter is turned off and then
the receiver is
turned on at the expected time of
reception. Or if a different receiver receives a train of returns, they
are associated with transmissions at times predicted from Newtonian
calibrations.
In the case
of Bradley’s stellar aberration measurement, the measured delay is due to the
faintness of the starlight and small increases in faintness due to secondary
scattering from objective lenses at
various telescope lengths to the eyepieces relative to the orbital movement of
the Earth during the same time produce small changes in delay.
The implied delay from the objective lens to the eye is r/c where r is the length of the
telescope. The delay before similarly weak light signals as in the Fizeau-Michelson type of measurements over 5 to 25 miles is
also r/c . The proposed mechanism implies that a very
strong signal at the receiver such as that produced by the Sun is induced
to a level that is detectable with femtosecond delays
or less..
Roemer’s
measurement was interpreted
by Cassini as due to changes in the relative orientation of
Jupiter’s moons and the Earth. The
implied light speed, given Jupiter’s known distance from the Earth at these
time was within an order of magnitude as that obtained by Bradley but
is36 per cent slower.(55 minutes instead of 40 minutes) Thus Roemer’s interpretation,
in the light of a clearer understanding of Bradley’s measurement and more
recent measurements, seems less valid than Cassini’s
original interpretation.
Thus we
can say that the delay before radiation
from a source becomes detectable at a receiver is r/c seconds for
distances and intensities of the
received light within a specific range
and that changes in the received intensity, due to changes in the source
receiver distance , within this range, are governed by the same r/c delay. . And for larger distances and more intense
radiation at the receiver, the r/c
delay is not implied. There is more evidence that light from the visible stars, galaxies
etc arrive within nanoseconds, than there is evidence that the light arrives
after light years.
The apparent bending of
starlight by the Sun, is due to the Earth’s orbital and spin motion on the
sunny side of the Earth versus that on
the dark side. The
resulting smaller tangential force on orbiting charged mass
inside atomic nuclei produces a slightly
smaller increase in the velocity of the
orbiting charged mass. Therefore the further widening of this orbit due to to impinging light requires more time than that on the dark side of the Earth and so a
greater final delay before the widening of electron orbits and light is detectable.
RN Sansbury
abcgamma@gmail.com