1) Magnetism Due To Electric Dipoles In Atomic Nuclei and Electrons

2) Gravity&Magnetism: A Common Cause  (Mass-Energy Conversion &   

     Electric Dipoles in Nuclei & Electrons)

3) Zollner and Blackett
4) Diamagnetism and Ferromagnetism

5) Photons or Cumulative Instantanous Forces at a  Distance

6) Quantum Theory and Electric Dipoles Inside Atomic Nuclei 

7) Radio Emission and Reception

8) Light Speed Measurements (From Roemer and Bradley to GPSS and NASA)
9) Relativity and Charge Polarization Inside Atomic Nucleii

10)Bohr Orbits, Planck Oscillators & Orbital Charge Inside Atomic Nuclei

11)  CERN Faster Than Light Neutrinos

 

 

  

GRAVITY, MAGNETISM, AND LIGHT

Polarized and Oscillating Charge Inside Atomic Nuclei

 

abcgamma@gmail.com

 

(1990-2011)

 

     Polarized charge inside atomic nuclei and inside electrons are shown to account for the magnetism of current carrying wires and the  magnetic and gravitational fields of the Earth. This subnuclear charge polarization mechanism to explain gravity and magnetism is  extended to the  Moon, Sun and other stars and galactic centers. The electric dipoles produced in each proton are perpendicular to the  tangential force associated with the spin and orbital velocity of the celestial body of which it is a part.

 

     The tangential increase in velocity of a miniscule circularly orbiting charged mass inside the proton, electron, etc., produces an ellipse transverse to such forces and a displacement of centers of negative and positive charge so the dipoles are radially and longitudinally oriented.  The magnetic forces between current carrying wires are shown to  imply the orbiting charged masses are about 10-56 kg. The apparent mass increase of electrons etc., at speeds near the speed of light is due to a decrease in elasticity of the dipole system and a decrease in the rate of  increase in magnetic responsiveness near  the elastic limit. The lengths of the dipoles involved in any force between two dipoles are proportional to the distance between the two dipoles involved. This is because their force on one another causes an elliptical extension of the orbital system in each nucleus or electron transverse to  that produced by  the original forces causing the initial elliptical dipoles.   A unique average dipole can be associated with each proton but the net force on the dipole results from the superposition of all pairwise forces.  The dipole length  cannot exceed the distance between immediately surrounding nuclei.

 

         For example, the force between a dipole in a proton on the Earth’s surface and all the  N≈ 1051     protons+neutrons in the Earth,  or at least half of those that are partly similarly oriented, concentrated at a point near the center, R meters away, can be represented as the force between N dipoles, qeRs, and one dipole, qeRs, such that this dipole -dipole force   (9)(109)Nq2e2R2s2/R4   equals the Newtonian  force,  GMm/R2. So, s2 = .37(10-42) and s=6(10-21`), and Rs=3.82(10-15)meters. We assume q ≈ .918(103)based on the proton electron mass ratio.

Another  effect of gravity, the twisting  of  planetary orbital planes and precession of their perihelion, that increases with the proximity of the orbits to the Sun’s mass, is due to the torque between the net longitudinal dipole of the Sun and the net radial dipole of the planet etc...

 

     Oscillations of charge inside electrons and atomic nuclei are shown to account for the propagation delay of electromagnetic radiation; that is, the time before a light signal or radio signal becomes detectable at a radio antenna or a light detector, eg, the eye, a charge coupled device, a photodiode etc. The effect is similar to the induction of an alternating current with an exponential increase to a maximum  implied by the strength of the source and distance to the source.  But the mechanism of  changing longitudinal oscillations of charge inside  atomic nuclei that cause in turn changing transverse oscillations of charge that cause changing longitudinal oscillations etc imply a formula identical to Maxwell’s equation multiplied by an exponential transient, (1-exp-ct/r)(E/r)  That is the induced oscillation of charge is in the same direction as that in the source of maximal amplitude,E.     Such a mechanism could explain light speed measurements within a limited range of intensity and distance.  Measurements over larger distances, would seem to contradict this theory but such measurements are shown to be subject to other valid interpretations.  

     For example, GPS receivers are calibrated so that the received signals are weak enough in the receiver  so that r/c delay times of about 66 milliseconds from the 50W transmitters match the known Newtonian position distance calculations and small changes in this delay then match otherwise measured changes in  this distance.  8kW transmitters but much more sensitive receivers pick up similarly weak transmission from more distant spacecraft. Calibrations can be continually made so that the r/c delay used to determine the speed of the craft from the change in frequency received is consistent with previous calibrations and speed estimates.  Similarly radar or lidar reflections after 2.5 seconds from the moon or radar reflections after 283 to 449 seconds from Venus.  In the case of the moon,  the  radio communication delay from the moon should be 1.25 seconds if there were no electronic and needed redundancy delay. The redundancy delay is equal to or greater than the light speed delay here and in transmissions between  Earth and more distant space craft.  In the case of both the Moon and Venus, each radar pulse transmission occurs and then the transmitter is turned off and then the  receiver is turned on at the expected time of  reception. Or if a different receiver receives a train of returns, they are associated with transmissions at times predicted from Newtonian calibrations.

 

   In the case of Bradley’s stellar aberration measurement, the measured delay is due to the faintness of the starlight and small increases in faintness due to secondary scattering from objective lenses  at various telescope lengths to the eyepieces relative to the orbital movement of the Earth during the same time produce small changes  in delay.  The implied delay from the objective lens to the eye  is r/c where r is the length of the telescope. The delay before similarly weak light signals as in the Fizeau-Michelson type of measurements over 5 to 25 miles is also r/c . The proposed mechanism implies that a very strong signal at the receiver such  as that produced by the Sun is induced to a level that is detectable with femtosecond delays or less..

 

   Roemer’s measurement was interpreted  by Cassini as  due to changes in the relative orientation of Jupiter’s moons and the Earth.  The implied light speed, given Jupiter’s known distance from the Earth at   these  time was within an order of magnitude as that obtained by Bradley but is36 per cent slower.(55 minutes instead of 40 minutes) Thus Roemer’s interpretation, in the light of a clearer understanding of Bradley’s measurement and more recent measurements, seems less valid than Cassini’s original interpretation.

 

      Thus we can say that the delay before radiation  from a source becomes detectable at a receiver is r/c seconds for distances and  intensities of the received light  within a specific range and that changes in the received intensity, due to changes in the source receiver distance , within this range, are governed by the same r/c delay.  . And for larger distances and more intense radiation at the receiver,   the r/c delay is not implied. There is more evidence that  light from the visible stars, galaxies etc  arrive within nanoseconds,  than there is evidence that the light arrives after light years.

The  apparent bending of starlight by the Sun, is due to the Earth’s orbital and spin motion on the sunny side of the Earth versus  that on the dark side. The  resulting smaller tangential force on orbiting charged mass inside  atomic nuclei produces a slightly smaller increase in the  velocity of the orbiting charged mass. Therefore the further widening of this orbit due to to impinging light requires more time than that  on the dark side of the Earth and so a greater final delay before the widening of electron orbits and  light is detectable.

RN Sansbury

abcgamma@gmail.com